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The reaction mechanism for chlorination of benzene is the same as bromination of benzene. Iron(III) bromide and iron(III) chloride become inactivated if they react with water, including moisture in the air. Therefore, they are generated by adding iron filings to bromine or chlorine. Here is the mechanism of this reaction:
The mechanism by which the Wohl-Ziegler reaction proceeds was proposed by Paul Goldfinger in 1953, and his reaction mechanism is one of two proposed pathways through which aliphatic, allylic, and benzylic bromination with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) occurs. [10]
It can be prepared by reacting benzene (C 6 H 6) with 6 equivalents of bromine (Br 2) in the presence of heat and UV light. This reaction is known as the bromination of Benzene: C 6 H 6 + 6 Br 2 → C 6 Br 6 + 6 HBr. Apart from hexabromobenzene, the reaction produces six equivalents of Hydrogen Bromide (HBr).
The nitration of benzene is achieved via the action of the nitronium ion as the electrophile. The sulfonation with fuming sulfuric acid gives benzenesulfonic acid. Aromatic halogenation with bromine, chlorine, or iodine gives the corresponding aryl halides. This reaction is typically catalyzed by the corresponding iron or aluminum trihalide.
This reaction mechanism was proposed by Roberts and Kimball in 1937. [2] With it they explained the observed stereospecific trans-additions in brominations of maleic acid and fumaric acid. Maleic acid with a cis-double bond forms the dibromide as a mixture of enantiomers: while the trans-isomer fumaric acid forms a single meso compound:
The Sandmeyer reaction provides a method through which one can perform unique transformations on benzene, such as halogenation, cyanation, trifluoromethylation, and hydroxylation. The reaction was discovered in 1884 by Swiss chemist Traugott Sandmeyer , when he attempted to synthesize phenylacetylene from benzenediazonium chloride and copper(I ...
Benzyl bromide is used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the benzyl groups when the less expensive benzyl chloride is insufficiently reactive. [6] [7] Benzylations are often achieved in the presence of catalytic amounts of sodium iodide, which generates the more reactive benzyl iodide in situ. [3]
The reaction of enolates, enol ethers, or enol acetates with NBS is the preferred method of α-bromination as it is high-yielding with few side-products. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Bromination of aromatic derivatives