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Running economy (RE) a complex, multifactorial concept that represents the sum of metabolic, cardiorespiratory, biomechanical and neuromuscular efficiency during running. [1]: 33 [2] [3] Oxygen consumption (VO 2) is the most commonly used method for measuring running economy, as the exchange of gases in the body, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, closely reflects energy metabolism.
Aerobic conditioning is usually achieved through aerobic exercise such as running, swimming, rowing machine, elliptical, treadmill, cycling, [3] etc. A stronger heart does not pump more blood by beating faster but by beating more efficiently, primarily via increased stroke volume and left ventricular mass. [ 4 ]
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During heavy exercise such as long distance running or any demanding exercise, the body's need for oxygen to produce energy is higher than the oxygen supplied in the blood from respiration. Anaerobic metabolism to some degree then takes place in the muscle and this less ideal energy production produces lactic acid as a waste metabolite. If the ...
In one older study that compared the metabolic burn and muscle activations of incline walking at 0 percent, 5 percent, and 10 percent in a small group of people, more muscle activity occurred when ...
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In 1968, he published Aerobics, which included exercise programs using running, walking, swimming and bicycling. At the time the book was published there was increasing awareness of the need for increased exercise due to widespread weakness and inactivity. Cooper published a mass-market version The New Aerobics in 1979. [1] [2]
A step aerobics exercise instructor motivates her class to keep up the pace. Moderate activities [30] Swimming [6] Dancing; Hiking on flat ground; Bicycling [31] at less than 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) Moderate walking (about 3.5 miles per hour (5.6 km/h)) Downhill skiing; Tennis (doubles) Softball; Gardening; Light yard work; Jogging [6 ...