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The deductive argument is called an explanation, its premisses are called the explanans (L: explaining) and the conclusion is called the explanandum (L: to be explained). Depending on a number of additional qualifications, an explanation may be ranked on a scale from potential to true. Not all explanations in science are of the D-N type, however.
Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena. [1] The term law has diverse usage in many cases (approximate, accurate, broad, or narrow) across all fields of natural science ( physics , chemistry , astronomy , geoscience , biology ).
[5] [note 1] In everyday speech, theory can imply an explanation that represents an unsubstantiated and speculative guess, [5] whereas in a scientific context it most often refers to an explanation that has already been tested and is widely accepted as valid. [1] [2]
Aristotle's scientific explanation in Physics resembles the DN model, an idealized form of scientific explanation. [7] The framework of Aristotelian physics—Aristotelian metaphysics—reflected the perspective of this principally biologist, who, amid living entities' undeniable purposiveness, formalized vitalism and teleology, an intrinsic morality in nature. [8]
The philosophical concept of (scientific) structuralism is related to that of epistemic structural realism (ESR). [3] ESR, a position originally and independently held by Henri Poincaré (1902), [8] [9] Bertrand Russell (1927), [10] and Rudolf Carnap (1928), [11] was resurrected by John Worrall (1989), who proposes that there is retention of structure across theory change.
[6] [7] [8] Quizlet's blog, written mostly by Andrew in the earlier days of the company, claims it had reached 50,000 registered users in 252 days online. [9] In the following two years, Quizlet reached its 1,000,000th registered user. [10] Until 2011, Quizlet shared staff and financial resources with the Collectors Weekly website. [11]
[1] Scientific knowledge must be grounded in observable phenomena and must be capable of being verified by other researchers working under the same conditions. [2] Natural, social, and formal science make up the fundamental sciences, which form the basis of interdisciplinarity - and applied sciences such as engineering and medicine.
As just one example of the centrality of climatology to the field, leading American climatologist Michael E. Mann is the Director of one of the earliest centers for Earth System science research, the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, and its mission statement reads, "the Earth System Science Center (ESSC) maintains a ...