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The propensity for any two substances to form a solid solution is a complicated matter involving the chemical, crystallographic, and quantum properties of the substances in question. Substitutional solid solutions, in accordance with the Hume-Rothery rules, may form if the solute and solvent have: Similar atomic radii (15% or less difference)
Hexatic state, a state of matter that is between the solid and the isotropic liquid phases in two dimensional systems of particles. Ferroics; Ferroelastic state, a phenomenon in which a material may exhibit a spontaneous strain. Photon molecule: Photons which are connected with each other, attracted by apparent mass while mediating energy transfer.
Environmental scientists use radioactive atoms, known as tracer atoms, to identify the pathways taken by pollutants through the environment. Radiation is used to determine the composition of materials in a process called neutron activation analysis. In this process, scientists bombard a sample of a substance with particles called neutrons.
Simple illustration of particles in the solid state – they are closely packed to each other. In a solid, constituent particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) are closely packed together. The forces between particles are so strong that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a ...
The material is dangerously radioactive and hard and strong, and using remote controlled systems was not possible due to high radiation interfering with electronics. [ 35 ] The Chernobyl melt was a silicate melt that contained inclusions of Zr / U phases, molten steel and high levels of uranium zirconium silicate (" chernobylite ", a black and ...
Krypton-85, with a half-life 10.76 years, is formed by the fission process with a fission yield of about 0.3%. Only 20% of the fission products of mass 85 become 85 Kr itself; the rest passes through a short-lived nuclear isomer and then to stable 85 Rb. If irradiated reactor fuel is reprocessed, this radioactive krypton may be released into ...
The base deprotonates the hydroxydimethylmethyl radical to be converted into acetone and a solvated electron, as the result the G value (yield for a given energy due to radiation deposited in the system) of chloride can be increased because the radiation now starts a chain reaction, each solvated electron formed by the action of the gamma rays ...
A critical mass of plutonium emits lethal amounts of neutrons and gamma rays. [157] Plutonium in solution is more likely to form a critical mass than the solid form due to moderation by the hydrogen in water. [dubious – discuss] [18] Criticality accidents have occurred, sometimes killing people.