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The Hanafi school [a] or Hanafism is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. It developed from the teachings of the jurist and theologian Abu Hanifa ( c. 699–767 CE ), who systemised the use of reasoning ( ra'y ).
Shafi'i school of thought was founded in Baghdad by Imam Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i (150 AH/766 AD - 204 AH/820 AD) and subsequently expanded in Egypt. [7] Hanbali school of thought was founded in Baghdad by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (164 AH/780 AD - 241 AH/855 AD). [8] [9]
The Shafi'i school or Shafi'i Madhhab (Arabic: ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلشَّافِعِيّ, romanized: al-madhhab al-shāfiʿī) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.
[2] [1] For example, the Maliki school is predominant in North and West Africa; the Hanafi school in South and Central Asia; the Shafi'i school in East Africa and Southeast Asia; and the Hanbali school in North and Central Arabia. [2] [1] [3] The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni madhhabs. [4]
Islamic schools of jurisprudence, known as madhhab, differ in the methodology they use to derive their rulings from the Quran, ḥadīth literature, the sunnah (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad during his lifetime), and the tafsīr literature (exegetical commentaries on the Quran).
Al-Shafi'i traveled to Baghdad to study with Abu Hanifah's acolyte al-Shaybani and others. [20] It was here that he developed his first school, influenced by the teachings of both Abu Hanifah and Malik. [citation needed] His work thus became known as "al-madhhab al-qadim li-l-imam al-shafi'i", or the "old school of al-Shafi'i". [citation needed]
As the fourth Caliph, Ali had transferred the Islamic capital to Kufa, and many of the first generation of Muslims had settled there. The Hanafi school of law based many of its rulings on the prophetic tradition as transmitted by those first generation Muslims residing in Iraq. Thus, the Hanafi school came to be known as the Kufan or Iraqi school.
The difference between Shafi'i's work and these later works – in terms of both content and the large chronological gap between which they were all composed – is so great that modern scholarship has questioned the status of Shafi'i as the founder of Islamic jurisprudence.