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  2. Zero-point energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy

    The important point of this is that the zero-point field energy H F does not affect the Heisenberg equation for a kλ since it is a c-number or constant (i.e. an ordinary number rather than an operator) and commutes with a kλ. We can therefore drop the zero-point field energy from the Hamiltonian, as is usually done.

  3. Quantum vacuum state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_vacuum_state

    The video of an experiment showing vacuum fluctuations (in the red ring) amplified by spontaneous parametric down-conversion.. If the quantum field theory can be accurately described through perturbation theory, then the properties of the vacuum are analogous to the properties of the ground state of a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator, or more accurately, the ground state of a measurement ...

  4. Vacuum energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_energy

    Canonically, if the field at each point in space is a simple harmonic oscillator, its quantization places a quantum harmonic oscillator at each point. Excitations of the field correspond to the elementary particles of particle physics. Thus, according to the theory, even the vacuum has a vastly complex structure and all calculations of quantum ...

  5. Stochastic electrodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_electrodynamics

    Stochastic electrodynamics combines two conventional classical ideas – electromagnetism derived from point charges obeying Maxwell's equations and particle motion driven by Lorentz forces – with one unconventional hypothesis: the classical field has radiation even at T=0. This zero-point radiation is inferred from observations of the ...

  6. Zero-point field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/?title=Zero-point_field&redirect=no

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero-point_field&oldid=1159144631"This page was last edited on 8 June 2023, at 14:55

  7. Liénard–Wiechert potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liénard–Wiechert_potential

    It is important to take into account the zero point field discovered by Planck. [8] It replaces Einstein's "A" coefficient and explains that the classical electron is stable on Rydberg's classical orbits. Moreover, introducing the fluctuations of the zero point field produces Willis E. Lamb's correction of levels of H atom.

  8. Scalar field theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_field_theory

    Each field ~ (p) in the n-point Euclidean Green's function is represented by an external line (half-edge) in the graph, and associated with momentum p. Each vertex is represented by a factor − g . At a given order g k , all diagrams with n external lines and k vertices are constructed such that the momenta flowing into each vertex is zero.

  9. Casimir effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect

    In this case, the correct way to find the zero-point energy of the field is to sum the energies of the standing waves of the cavity. To each and every possible standing wave corresponds an energy; say the energy of the n th standing wave is E n. The vacuum expectation value of the energy of the electromagnetic field in the cavity is then