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A paradoxical reaction (or paradoxical effect) is an effect of a chemical substance, such as a medical drug, that is opposite to what would usually be expected. An example of a paradoxical reaction is pain caused by a pain relief medication .
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is a form of neurostimulation that delivers a small, pulsed, alternating current via electrodes on the head. [1] CES is used with the intention of treating a variety of conditions such as anxiety , depression and insomnia . [ 1 ]
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of neuromodulation that uses constant, low direct current delivered via electrodes on the head. This type of neurotherapy was originally developed to help patients with brain injuries or neuropsychiatric conditions such as major depressive disorder.
In neurophysiology, long-term depression (LTD) is an activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus. LTD occurs in many areas of the CNS with varying mechanisms depending upon brain region and developmental progress.
Vagus nerve stimulation therapy improved the symptoms of treatment-resistant depression for nearly 500 participants in a major clinical trial.
Stephen M. Stahl, renowned academician in psychopharmacology, has stated resorting to a dynamic psychostimulant, in particular, d-amphetamine is the "classical augmentation strategy for treatment-refractory depression". [84] However, the use of stimulants in cases of treatment-resistant depression is relatively controversial. [85] [86]
Doxapram. An analeptic, in medicine, is a central nervous system stimulant.The term "analeptic" typically refers to respiratory stimulants (for example, doxapram).Analeptics are central nervous system (CNS) stimulants that include a wide variety of medications used to treat depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (), and respiratory depression.
Alkylamines are considered to have relatively fewer sedative and gastrointestinal adverse effects, but relatively greater incidence of paradoxical central nervous system (CNS) stimulation. [4] Pheniramine; Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine) Dexchlorpheniramine; Dexbrompheniramine; Brompheniramine; Triprolidine; Dimetindene; Piperazines
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