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Mass–energy equivalence arose from special relativity as a paradox described by the French polymath Henri Poincaré (1854–1912). [4] Einstein was the first to propose the equivalence of mass and energy as a general principle and a consequence of the symmetries of space and time.
The Einstein field equations (EFE) may be written in the form: [5] [1] + = EFE on the wall of the Rijksmuseum Boerhaave in Leiden, Netherlands. where is the Einstein tensor, is the metric tensor, is the stress–energy tensor, is the cosmological constant and is the Einstein gravitational constant.
Einstein also examined relativistic aberration and the transverse Doppler effect. [4] The fourth, a consequence of special relativity, developed the principle of mass–energy equivalence, expressed in the equation = and which led to the discovery and use of nuclear power decades later.
The equivalence principle is the hypothesis that the observed equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass is a consequence of nature. The weak form, known for centuries, relates to masses of any composition in free fall taking the same trajectories and landing at identical times.
Einstein demonstrated that Poincaré's artifice was superfluous. Rather, he argued that mass-energy equivalence was a necessary and sufficient condition to resolve the paradox. In his demonstration, Einstein provided a derivation of mass-energy equivalence that was distinct from his original derivation.
1903 – Olinto De Pretto presents his aether theory with some form of mass–energy equivalence. [15] It was described by a formula looking like Einstein’s E = mc 2, but with different meanings of the terms. 1903 – Frederick Thomas Trouton and H.R. Noble publish the results of their experiment with capacitors, showing no aether drift. [16 ...
The researchers used a year of observations by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona, which can capture light from 5,000 galaxies simultaneously.
[3] [4] Einstein is best known by the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc 2 (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation"). [5] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect ", a pivotal step in ...