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After the Roman Senate demanded that Caesar disband his army and return home as a civilian, he refused, crossing the Rubicon with his army and plunging Rome into Caesar's Civil War in 49 BC. After defeating the last of the opposition, Caesar was appointed dictator perpetuo ("dictator in perpetuity") in early 44 BC. [2] Roman historian Titus ...
Scipio commanded "without skill or success", [10] and Caesar won a crushing victory which ended the war. [10] Piso was forgiven in a general amnesty and seemed to come to terms with Caesar's victory. After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, he joined with the tyrannicides, Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, during their civil war. [11]
Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
The Death of Caesar—An 1867 painting by the French artist Jean-Léon Gérôme that depicts the moment after the assassination of Julius Caesar, when the conspirators are walking away from Caesar's dead body at the Theatre of Pompey, on the Ides of March (March 15), 44 BC. [73]
Vercingetorix (Latin: [wɛrkɪŋˈɡɛtɔriːks]; Ancient Greek: Οὐερκιγγετόριξ [u.erkiŋɡeˈtoriks]; c. 80 – 46 BC) was a Gallic king and chieftain of the Arverni tribe who united the Gauls in a failed revolt against Roman forces during the last phase of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars. After surrendering to Caesar and spending ...
Diocletian took to wearing a gold crown and jewels, and forbade the use of purple cloth to all but the emperors. [222] His subjects were required to prostrate themselves in his presence ( adoratio ); the most fortunate were allowed the privilege of kissing the hem of his robe ( proskynesis , προσκύνησις). [ 223 ]
The Praetorian Guard influenced and intervened in the imperial succession to name the new Caesar, which was a political decision that the unarmed Senate accepted, ratified, and proclaimed to the people of Rome. After the death of Sejanus, who was sacrificed for the donativum (imperial gift) promised by Tiberius, the Praetorians became ...
Gaius Julius Caesar After his adoption by Julius Caesar on the latter's death in 44 BC, he took Caesar's nomen and cognomen. [6] He was often distinguished by historians from his adoptive father by the addition Octavianus ( Latin: [ɔktaːwiˈaːnʊs] ) after the name, denoting that he was a former member of the gens Octavia in conformance with ...