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Max Gunther (June 28, 1927 – June 28, 1998) [1] was an Anglo-American journalist and writer. He was the author of 26 books, including his investment best-seller, The Zurich Axioms.
In decision theory, the Ellsberg paradox (or Ellsberg's paradox) is a paradox in which people's decisions are inconsistent with subjective expected utility theory. John Maynard Keynes published a version of the paradox in 1921. [1]
The Dutch book arguments are used to explore degrees of certainty in beliefs, and demonstrate that rational agents must be Bayesian; [2] in other words, rationality requires assigning probabilities to events that behave according to the axioms of probability, and having preferences that can be modeled using the von Neumann–Morgenstern axioms.
In a discrete (i.e. finite state) market, the following hold: [2] The First Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing: A discrete market on a discrete probability space (,,) is arbitrage-free if, and only if, there exists at least one risk neutral probability measure that is equivalent to the original probability measure, P.
This is a list of axioms as that term is understood in mathematics. In epistemology , the word axiom is understood differently; see axiom and self-evidence . Individual axioms are almost always part of a larger axiomatic system .
In this context, axioms contradicting the axiom of regularity are known as anti-foundation axioms, and a set that is not necessarily well-founded is called a hyperset. Four mutually independent anti-foundation axioms are well-known, sometimes abbreviated by the first letter in the following list:
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