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The evolution and classification of flowering plants. New York Botanical Garden. ISBN 978-0-89327-332-3. {}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list A. Cronquist (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03880-5.
A whole set of terms including taxonomy, systematic biology, systematics, scientific classification, biological classification, and phylogenetics have at times had overlapping meanings – sometimes the same, sometimes slightly different, but always related and intersecting. [1] [11] The broadest meaning of "taxonomy" is used here.
The Takhtajan system and Cronquist system treat them as a division (Magnoliophyta). [citation needed] The Dahlgren system and Thorne system (1992) treat them as a class (Magnoliopsida). The APG system of 1998, and the later 2003 [7] and 2009 [8] revisions, treat the flowering plants as an unranked clade without a formal Latin name (angiosperms ...
Biological systematics classifies species by using three specific branches. Numerical systematics , or biometry , uses biological statistics to identify and classify animals. Biochemical systematics classifies and identifies animals based on the analysis of the material that makes up the living part of a cell—such as the nucleus , organelles ...
The classification of living things into animals and plants is an ancient one. Aristotle (384–322 BC) classified animal species in his History of Animals, while his pupil Theophrastus (c. 371 –c. 287 BC) wrote a parallel work, the Historia Plantarum, on plants. [7]
In his landmark publications, such as the Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to kingdom, class, order, genus, species, and one rank below species. Today, the nomenclature is regulated by the nomenclature codes. There are seven main taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Linnaeus developed his classification of the plant kingdom in an attempt to describe and understand the natural world as a reflection of the logic of God's creation. [10] His sexual system, where species with the same number of stamens were treated in the same group, was convenient but in his view artificial. [10]
His botanical classification and sexual system were used well into the nineteenth century. [4] Within each class were several orders. This system is based on the number and arrangement of male and female organs. [5] Key to the Sexual System (from the 10th, 1758, edition of the Systema Naturae) Kalmia is classified according to Linnaeus' sexual ...