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  2. Gender polarization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_polarization

    Boys are encouraged to play with toy trucks. Girls are encouraged to play with dolls. In sociology, gender polarization is a concept created by American psychologist Sandra Bem which states that societies tend to define femininity and masculinity as polar opposite genders, such that male-acceptable behaviors and attitudes are not seen as appropriate for women, and vice versa.

  3. Role congruity theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_Congruity_Theory

    For example, Lyness & Heilman (2006) [8] utilized archival organizational data from a multinational finances company to study the effects of stereotype fit on performance evaluations and promotions. Their study found upper-level female managers were rated more negatively than men in similar or lower positions and females in lower management ...

  4. Mechanical and organic solidarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_and_organic...

    Mechanical solidarity normally operates in traditional and small-scale societies (e.g., tribes). [2] In these simpler societies, solidarity is usually based on kinship ties of familial networks. Organic solidarity is a social cohesion based upon the interdependence that arises between people from the specialization of work and ...

  5. Group polarization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_polarization

    In social psychology, group polarization refers to the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members. These more extreme decisions are towards greater risk if individuals' initial tendencies are to be risky and towards greater caution if individuals' initial tendencies are to be cautious. [1]

  6. The Authoritarian Personality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality

    The Authoritarian Personality is a 1950 sociology book by Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford, researchers working at the University of California, Berkeley, during and shortly after World War II.

  7. Relative deprivation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_deprivation

    Relative deprivation is the lack of resources to sustain the diet, lifestyle, activities and amenities that an individual or group are accustomed to or that are widely encouraged or approved in the society to which they belong. [1]

  8. Ecological fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_fallacy

    Research dating back to Émile Durkheim suggests that predominantly Protestant localities have higher suicide rates than predominantly Catholic localities. [3] According to Freedman, [4] the idea that Durkheim's findings link, at an individual level, a person's religion to their suicide risk is an example of the ecological fallacy.

  9. In-group favoritism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-group_favoritism

    In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group–out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways.