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Late decelerations in fetal heart rate occurring during uterine contractions are associated with increased fetal death rate, growth retardation and neonatal depression. [1] [2] This test assesses fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions via electronic fetal monitoring. Uterine activity is monitored by tocodynamometer. [3]
As saltatory patterns preceded late decelerations of fetal heart rate (FHR) in the majority of cases, saltatory pattern seems to be an early sign of fetal hypoxia. [31] According to the authors, awareness on this gives obstetricians and midwives time to intensify electronic fetal monitoring and to plan possible interventions before fetal ...
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]
A normal nonstress test will show a baseline fetal heart rate between 110 and 160 beats per minute with moderate variability (5- to 25-interbeat variability) and 2 qualifying accelerations in 20 minutes with no decelerations. "Reactive" is defined as the presence of two or more fetal heart rate accelerations within a 20-minute period. Each ...
The condition is detected most often with electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring through cardiotocography (CTG), which allows clinicians to measure changes in the fetal cardiac response to declining oxygen. [1] [5] [4] Specifically, heart rate decelerations detected on CTG can represent danger to the fetus and to delivery. [4]
[2] [3] Whether medical rupture of the amniotic sac is a risk is controversial. [2] [3] The diagnosis should be suspected if there is a sudden decrease in the baby's heart rate during labor. [4] [2] Seeing or feeling the cord confirms the diagnosis. [4] Management focuses on quick delivery, usually by cesarean section. [4]
The presence of these biophysical variables implies absence of significant central nervous system hypoxemia/acidemia at the time of testing. By comparison, a compromised fetus typically exhibits loss of accelerations of the fetal heart rate (FHR), decreased body movement and breathing, hypotonia, and, less acutely, decreased amniotic fluid volume.
Nuchal cord, when the umbilical cord is (tightly) around the neck of the fetus [2]; Entanglement of the cord [2]; Knot in the cord [2]; Cord prolapse, where the umbilical cord exits the birth canal before the baby, which can cause cord compression.