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Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a form of heart failure in which the ejection fraction – the percentage of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat divided by the volume of blood when the left ventricle is maximally filled – is normal, defined as greater than 50%; [1] this may be measured by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization.
Since heart failure is a syndrome and not a disease, establishing the underlying cause is vital to diagnosis and treatment. [39] [30] In heart failure, the structure or the function of the heart or in some cases both are altered. [6]: 3612 Heart failure is the potential end stage of all heart diseases. [40]
Modalities applied to measurement of ejection fraction is an emerging field of medical mathematics and subsequent computational applications. The first common measurement method is echocardiography, [7] [8] although cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [8] [9] cardiac computed tomography, [8] [9] ventriculography and nuclear medicine (gated SPECT and radionuclide angiography) [8] [10 ...
Total organ failure, multisystem organ failure, multiple organ failure: Symptoms: Include, but not limited to: confusion, loss of appetite, fatigue, fever, irregular heartbeat, tachypnea: Causes: Infection, injury, hypermetabolism: Prognosis: Case fatality rate 30–100% depending on the number of organs that failed
Abnormalities of diastolic function, ranging from asymptomatic heart disease [28] [29] [30] to overt heart failure, [31] [32] are common in hypertensive patients. Patients with diastolic heart failure have a preserved ejection fraction, which is a measure of systolic function.
Cardiac physiology or heart function is the study of healthy, ... also referred to as the "atrial kick," contributes the remaining 20–30 percent of filling. Atrial ...