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  2. Gnathostomata - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata

    Gnathostome diversity comprises roughly 60,000 species, which accounts for 99% of all living vertebrates, including humans. Most gnathostomes have retained ancestral traits like true teeth , a stomach , [ 2 ] and paired appendages (pectoral and pelvic fins, arms, legs, wings, etc.). [ 3 ]

  3. Acanthodii - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii

    Acanthodii or acanthodians is an extinct class of gnathostomes (jawed fishes).They are currently considered to represent a paraphyletic grade of various fish lineages basal to extant Chondrichthyes, which includes living sharks, rays, and chimaeras.

  4. Heslington Brain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heslington_Brain

    The Heslington Brain is a 2,600-year-old human brain found inside a skull buried in a pit in Heslington, Yorkshire, in England, by York Archaeological Trust in 2008. It is the oldest preserved brain ever found in Eurasia , and is believed to be the best-preserved ancient brain in the world. [ 1 ]

  5. Conodont - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conodont

    The three forms of teeth, i.e., coniform cones, ramiform bars, and pectiniform platforms, probably performed different functions. For many years, conodonts were known only from enigmatic tooth-like microfossils (200 micrometers to 5 millimeters in length [ 17 ] ), which occur commonly, but not always, in isolation and were not associated with ...

  6. Qianodus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianodus

    The earliest deposited generations of accessory teeth in each row are located at the tip of the whorl spiral labially of the primary teeth. Unlike the continuously shedding teeth of modern sharks, [7] the tooth whorls of Qianodus retained their teeth and grew in size throughout the life of the animal. The recorded gradual enlargement of the ...

  7. Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_mammalian...

    The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary process that resulted in the formation of the mammalian middle ear, where the three middle ear bones or ossicles, namely the incus, malleus and stapes (a.k.a. "the anvil, hammer, and stirrup"), are a defining characteristic of mammals.

  8. Postcanine megadontia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcanine_megadontia

    Studies of premolar size in hominid species that predate Australopithecus afarensis show long, uni-cuspid teeth at the P 3 location, while species dated after A. afarensis have been shown to have wider, bicuspid teeth at the same location, which is hypothesized to show the beginnings of canine to premolar evolution in hominids.

  9. Pterosaur - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur

    The flocculus is a brain region that integrates signals from joints, muscles, skin and balance organs. [19] The pterosaurs' flocculi occupied 7.5% of the animals' total brain mass, more than in any other vertebrate. Birds have unusually large flocculi compared with other animals, but these only occupy between 1 and 2% of total brain mass. [19]

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