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The purchase of the cap protects against rising rates while the sale of the floor generates premium income. A collar creates a band within which the buyer's effective interest rate fluctuates; A reverse interest rate collar is the simultaneous purchase of an interest rate floor and simultaneously selling an interest rate cap.
The risk premium represents the compensation awarded to the equity holder for taking on a higher risk by investing in equities rather than government bonds. [1] However, the 5% to 8% premium is considered to be an implausibly high difference and the equity premium puzzle refers to the unexplained reasons driving this disparity. [3]
By issuing numerous callable bonds, they have a natural hedge, as they can then call their own issues and refinance at a lower rate. The price behaviour of a callable bond is the opposite of that of puttable bond. Since call option and put option are not mutually exclusive, a bond may have both options embedded. [3]
The economic value of bond insurance to the governmental unit, agency, or other issuer of the insured bonds or other securities is the result of the savings on interest costs, which reflects the difference between yield payable on an insured bond and yield payable on the same bond if it was uninsured—which is generally higher.
Treasury bonds (T-bonds, also called a long bond) have the longest maturity at twenty or thirty years. They have a coupon payment every six months like T-notes. [12] The U.S. federal government suspended issuing 30-year Treasury bonds for four years from February 18, 2002, to February 9, 2006. [13]
Bond valuation is the process by which an investor arrives at an estimate of the theoretical fair value, or intrinsic worth, of a bond.As with any security or capital investment, the theoretical fair value of a bond is the present value of the stream of cash flows it is expected to generate.
Preferred stocks are senior (i.e., higher ranking) to common stock but subordinate to bonds in terms of claim (or rights to their share of the assets of the company, given that such assets are payable to the returnee stock bond) [1] and may have priority over common stock (ordinary shares) in the payment of dividends and upon liquidation.
Repricing risk also occurs with floating rate assets or liabilities. If fixed rate assets are financed with floating rate liabilities, the rate payable on the liabilities may rise while the rate earned on the assets remains constant. If a portfolio has assets repricing earlier than liabilities, it is said to be asset sensitive.