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It aims to greatly enhance safety, increase efficiency of train transports and enhance cross-border interoperability of rail transport in Europe. This is done by replacing former national signalling equipment and operational procedures with a single new Europe-wide standard for train control and command systems.
An ETR 500 train running on the Florence–Rome high-speed line near Arezzo, the first high-speed railway opened in Europe [3] Across the EU, passenger rail transport saw a 50% increase between 2021 and 2022, with the 2022 passenger-kilometers figure being slightly under that of 2019 (i.e. before the COVID-19 pandemic). [4]
The specification was written in 1996 in response to EU Council Directive 96/48/EC99 [5] of 23 July 1996 on interoperability of the trans-European high-speed rail system. . First the European Railway Research Institute was instructed to formulate the specification and about the same time the ERTMS User Group was formed from six railway operators that took over the lead role in the specificat
The European Rail Traffic Management System is an EU initiative to create a Europe-wide standard for train signalling. Rail infrastructure, freight transport and passenger services are provided by a combination of local and national governments and private companies.
In addition, a signal showing Hp 0 may be preceded by an active 500 Hz PZB magnet to trigger the train's PZB computer to enforce speed limits, according to the train's braking capabilities, to ensure that the train can stop before the main signal. Starting a train against a 'halt' signal without a special order is considered a safety violation ...
Some crossings have a sign saying "signal automatique" (automatic signal). French level crossings with more than one track have a sign saying "un train peut en cacher un autre" (a train can hide another train). As of 2016 France has 15,459 level crossings (by comparison, there were 33,500 in 1938 and 25,000 in 1980).
It was designed to be one of the simplest in Europe and is integrated to the ATB, the system of cab signalling widespread on the Dutch network. Dutch trains normally use the right-hand track and the signals are placed at the right of the track; in sections also equipped to run on the left track, the signals are placed on the left.
a 'block free' signal (green), meaning that the next block is clear or, in the case of a distant signal, that the next signal is also green; Warning signals or speed limits (yellow) requiring the driver to slow the train and especially to be able to stop before the next stop signal; Stop signals (red) require the train to stop.