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A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria ; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms .
They are the standard cloning vectors and the ones most commonly used. Most general plasmids may be used to clone DNA inserts of up to 15 kb in size. One of the earliest commonly used cloning vectors is the pBR322 plasmid. Other cloning vectors include the pUC series of plasmids, and a large number of different cloning plasmid vectors are ...
The pBR322 plasmid is one of the first plasmids widely used as a cloning vector. Plasmids with specially-constructed features are commonly used in laboratory for cloning purposes . These plasmid are generally non-conjugative but may have many more features, notably a " multiple cloning site " where multiple restriction enzyme cleavage sites ...
One bacterial plasmid used in genetic engineering as a plasmid cloning vector is pUC18. Its polylinker region is composed of several restriction enzyme recognition sites, that have been engineered into a single cluster (the polylinker). It has restriction sites for various restriction enzymes, including EcoRI, BamHI, and PstI.
The proteolysis of heterologously expressed proteins is reduced due to the functional deficiency of two major proteases, Lon and OmpT. [3] Lon is usually present in the cytoplasm of the cell, but in all B strains its production is prevented by an insertion within the promoter sequence.
pBR322 is a plasmid and was one of the first widely used E. coli cloning vectors. Created in 1977 in the laboratory of Herbert Boyer at the University of California, San Francisco, it was named after Francisco Bolivar Zapata, the postdoctoral researcher and Raymond L. Rodriguez. The p stands for "plasmid," and BR for "Bolivar" and "Rodriguez."
An expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is usually a plasmid or virus designed for gene expression in cells. The vector is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell, and can commandeer the cell's mechanism for protein synthesis to produce the protein encoded by the gene.
A shuttle vector is a vector (usually a plasmid) constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species. [1] Therefore, DNA inserted into a shuttle vector can be tested or manipulated in two different cell types.