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Plasmids are generally circular, but examples of linear plasmids are also known. These linear plasmids require specialized mechanisms to replicate their ends. [13] Plasmids may be present in an individual cell in varying number, ranging from one to several hundreds.
Plasmids with specially-constructed features are commonly used in laboratory for cloning purposes. These plasmid are generally non-conjugative but may have many more features, notably a " multiple cloning site " where multiple restriction enzyme cleavage sites allow for the insertion of a transgene insert.
An example of a plasmid cloning vector which modifies the inserted protein is pFUSE-Fc plasmid. In order to genetically engineer insulin, the first step is to cut the MCS in the plasmid being used. [7] Once the MCS is cut, the gene for human insulin can be added making the plasmid genetically modified.
Examples of yeast expression vector in Pichia are the pPIC series of vectors, and these vectors use the AOX1 promoter which is inducible with methanol. [23] The plasmids may contain elements for insertion of foreign DNA into the yeast genome and signal sequence for the secretion of expressed protein.
In molecular biology, a cryptic plasmid is a plasmid that doesn't appear to provide any clear advantage to its host, yet still persists in bacterial populations. [1] These plasmids appear to lack any genetic functions of interest and do not seem to contain genes that could provide beneficial functions to their hosts.
That is, these plasmids could serve as cloning vectors to carry genes. [4] Virtually any DNA sequence can be cloned and amplified, but there are some factors that might limit the success of the process. Examples of the DNA sequences that are difficult to clone are inverted repeats, origins of replication, centromeres and telomeres.
An example plasmid with two areas of antibiotic resistance coding DNA (1,2) and an origin of replication (3). Plasmid-mediated resistance is the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes which are carried on plasmids . [ 1 ]
The pUC plasmids are all circular double stranded DNA about 2700 base pairs in length. [3] The pUC plasmids are some of the most widely used cloning vectors. [3] This is in part because cells that have successfully been transformed can be easily distinguished from those that have not based on color differences of colonies.