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A nonpartisan primary, top-two primary, [1] or jungle primary [2] is a primary election in which all candidates for the same elected office run against each other at once, regardless of political party. This distinguishes them from partisan elections, which are segregated by political party.
For example, in Finland with a 50% taper, you can earn a pension double the amount of the minimum pension before you lose the right to the non-contributory benefit. Recoverable social pension is a universal pension in terms of eligibility. The difference is that this pension is added to other taxable income and is subject to recovery by a ...
Non-contributory pensions, on the other hand, have a welfare character and cover people for disability or retirement (if they have not contributed enough to qualify for a contributory pension). This public pension model is often supported by a private dimension formed by pension plans to which workers contribute a percentage of their salary ...
First in the Nation: New Hampshire and the Premier Presidential Primary. Portsmouth, NH: Peter E. Randall Publishers, 1987. Cowan, Geoffrey. Let the People Rule: Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of the Presidential Primary (WW Norton, 2016) on 1912; Jeremias, Ralf. "Primary Elections in the USA: Between Republicanism and Democracy". Topos.
Primary elections or primaries are elections held to determine which candidates will run in an upcoming general election. In a partisan primary, a political party selects a candidate. Depending on the state and/or party, there may be an "open primary", in which all voters are eligible to participate, or a "closed primary", in which only members ...
In addition to a growing elderly demographic of pensioners, Spain also has a high child gap (the difference between the highest number of children and the number that couples want), [13] and trends suggest that the total fertility rate is in a decline. Spain's average birth rate was 2.86 in 1970, 2.21 in 1980, and 1.21 in 1994, and according to ...
In 1900, New South Wales and Victoria enacted legislation introducing non-contributory pensions for those aged 65 and over. Queensland legislated a similar system in 1907 before the Deakin government introduced a national aged pension under the Invalid and Old-Aged Pensions Act 1908. A national invalid disability pension was started in 1910 ...
These are regular, tax-funded non-contributory cash transfers paid to older people. Over 80 countries have social pensions. [5] Some are universal benefits, given to all older people regardless of income, assets or employment record. Examples of universal pensions include New Zealand Superannuation [6] and the Basic Retirement Pension of ...