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  2. ntoskrnl.exe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntoskrnl

    ntoskrnl.exe (short for Windows NT operating system kernel executable), also known as the kernel image, contains the kernel and executive layers of the Microsoft Windows NT kernel, and is responsible for hardware abstraction, process handling, and memory management. In addition to the kernel and executive layers, it contains the cache manager ...

  3. NTLDR - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTLDR

    Though NTLDR can boot DOS and non-NT versions of Windows, boot.ini cannot configure their boot options. For NT-based OSs, the location of the operating system is written as an Advanced RISC Computing (ARC) path. boot.ini is protected from user configuration by having the following file attributes: system, hidden, read-only.

  4. Booting process of Windows - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting_process_of_Windows

    In Windows NT, the booting process is initiated by NTLDR in versions before Vista and the Windows Boot Manager in Vista and later. [4] The boot loader is responsible for accessing the file system on the boot drive, starting ntoskrnl.exe, and loading boot-time device drivers into memory. Once all the boot and system drivers have been loaded, the ...

  5. Graphical identification and authentication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_identification...

    The graphical identification and authentication (GINA) is a component of Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0, [1] Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 [2] that provides secure authentication and interactive logon services. GINA is a replaceable dynamically linked library that is loaded early in the boot process in the context of ...

  6. Windows Genuine Advantage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Genuine_Advantage

    Proprietary (same as Windows) Website. www.microsoft.com /genuine /. Windows Genuine Advantage (WGA) was an anti- infringement system created by Microsoft used to validate the licences of several Microsoft Windows operating systems upon accessing services such as Windows Update and Microsoft Download Center. It consisted of two components: an ...

  7. Booting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting

    Booting. A flow diagram of a computer booting. In computing, booting is the process of starting a computer as initiated via hardware such as a button on the computer or by a software command. After it is switched on, a computer's central processing unit (CPU) has no software in its main memory, so some process must load software into memory ...

  8. Windows Registry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry

    The Windows Registry is a hierarchical database that stores low-level settings for the Microsoft Windows operating system and for applications that opt to use the registry. . The kernel, device drivers, services, Security Accounts Manager, and user interfaces can all use the regis

  9. Product key - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_key

    Product key. A product key, also known as a software key, serial key or activation key, is a specific software-based key for a computer program. It certifies that the copy of the program is original. Product keys consist of a series of numbers and/or letters. This sequence is typically entered by the user during the installation of computer ...

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