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Euler derived the formula as connecting a finite sum of products with a finite continued fraction. (+ (+ (+))) = + + + + = + + + +The identity is easily established by induction on n, and is therefore applicable in the limit: if the expression on the left is extended to represent a convergent infinite series, the expression on the right can also be extended to represent a convergent infinite ...
This last non-simple continued fraction (sequence A110185 in the OEIS), equivalent to = [;,,,,,...], has a quicker convergence rate compared to Euler's continued fraction formula [clarification needed] and is a special case of a general formula for the exponential function:
The number e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that is the base of the natural logarithm and exponential function.It is sometimes called Euler's number, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, though this can invite confusion with Euler numbers, or with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted .
The first term is an integer, and every fraction in the sum is actually an integer because n ≤ b for each term. Therefore, under the assumption that e is rational, x is an integer. We now prove that 0 < x < 1. First, to prove that x is strictly positive, we insert the above series representation of e into the definition of x and obtain =!
Euler's continued fraction formula is still the basis of many modern proofs of convergence of continued fractions. In 1761, Johann Heinrich Lambert gave the first proof that π is irrational, by using the following continued fraction for tan x: [8]
The formula is still valid if x is a complex number, and is also called Euler's formula in this more general case. [1] Euler's formula is ubiquitous in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering. The physicist Richard Feynman called the equation "our jewel" and "the most remarkable formula in mathematics". [2]
Euler's number 2.71828 18285 [114] [2 ... For almost all real numbers x, the coefficients of the continued fraction of x have a finite geometric mean known as ...
For example, the square root of 2 is an irrational number, but it is not a transcendental number as it is a root of the polynomial equation x 2 − 2 = 0. The golden ratio (denoted or ) is another irrational number that is not transcendental, as it is a root of the polynomial equation x 2 − x − 1 = 0.