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The early domestication process of rice in ancient India was based around the wild species Oryza nivara. This led to the local development of a mix of 'wetland' and 'dryland' agriculture of local Oryza sativa var. indica rice agriculture, before the truly 'wetland' rice Oryza sativa var. japonica, arrived around 2000 BC. [30]
It originates from the Neolithic rice-farming cultures of the Yangtze River basin in southern China, associated with pre-Austronesian and Hmong-Mien cultures. It was spread in prehistoric times by the expansion of Austronesian peoples to Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.
About this time, agriculture was developed independently in the Far East, probably in China, with rice rather than wheat as the primary crop. Maize was domesticated from the wild grass teosinte in southern Mexico by 6700 BC. [48]
Rice was cultivated in the Indus Valley civilisation. [36] Agricultural activity during the second millennium BC included rice cultivation in the Kashmir and Harrappan regions. [35] Mixed farming was the basis of the Indus valley economy. [36] Denis J. Murphy (2007) details the spread of cultivated rice from India into South-east Asia: [37]
The earliest examples of cultivated rice in China were found in the Yangtze River valley and dated to approximately 8000 years ago. [2] Agriculture in China seemed to have begun at the same time with pottery production and sedentary life, a distinction from several other regions. [3]
For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). Rice plant (Oryza sativa) with branched panicles containing many grains on each stem Rice grains of different varieties at the International Rice Research Institute Rice is a cereal grain and in its domesticated form is the staple food of over half of the world's population, particularly in Asia and Africa. Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza ...
The ancient Tamils cultivated a wide range of crops such as rice, sugarcane, millets, pepper, various grams, coconuts, beans, cotton, plantain, tamarind and sandalwood. Paddy was the main crop and different varieties of paddy such as Vennel, Sennel, Pudunel, Aivananel and Torai were grown in the wet land of Marutam.
The Arabs transformed agriculture during the Islamic Golden Age by spreading major crops and techniques such as irrigation across the Old World.. The Arab Agricultural Revolution [a] was the transformation in agriculture in the Old World during the Islamic Golden Age (8th to 13th centuries).