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The number of progesterone receptors was increased in the vaginal stroma and epithelium, which indicates that ospemifene has "estrogenic activity." [10] Two 12-week phase 3 clinical trials were performed for ospemifene. [14] One evaluated the effects of Ospemifene on vaginal tissue thickness, composition and vaginal pH.
Vaginal cornification grade is percentage cornification of vaginal epithelial cells and is 1 (+) = 10–25%, 2 (++) = 25–50%, and 3 (+++) = 50–75%. Mean change in vaginal smear test grade with different doses of estradiol pivalate (Estrotate) and estrone (Theelin-In-Oil) in oil solution by intramuscular injection in 10 to 20 women each.
The discharge is irritating to the vagina and the surrounding skin. low (4.0–4.5) Atrophic vaginitis [24] [25] Usually causes scant vaginal discharge with no odor, dry vagina and painful intercourse. These symptoms are usually due to decreased hormones usually occurring during and after menopause. Current term is Genitourinary syndrome of ...
Acid pH 3: several species [25] Alkaline pH 12.8: betaproteobacteria ... In bacterial vaginosis, beneficial bacteria in the vagina (top) are displaced by pathogens ...
The vaginal microbiota of adolescent girls aged 13 to 18 years is similar to women of reproductive age, [146] who have an average vaginal pH of 3.8–4.5, [94] but research is not as clear on whether this is the same for premenarcheal or perimenarcheal girls. [146]
In pregnancy, the vulva and vagina take on a bluish coloring due to venous congestion. This appears between the eighth and twelfth week and continues to darken as the pregnancy continues. [39] Estrogen is produced in large quantities during pregnancy and this causes the vulva to become enlarged. The vaginal opening and the vagina are also ...
[11] [12] In females, estradiol induces breast development, widening of the hips, a feminine fat distribution (with fat deposited particularly in the breasts, hips, thighs, and buttocks), and maturation of the vagina and vulva, whereas it mediates the pubertal growth spurt (indirectly via increased growth hormone secretion) [13] and epiphyseal ...
[186] [10] Vaginal estradiol can be used both as a systemic form of estradiol therapy, and at very low doses to selectively achieve a local vaginal effect without systemic effects, for instance in the treatment of menopausal symptoms such as vaginal atrophy and dryness. [10] [254] Vaginal estradiol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed. [72]