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The fantasy writings of J. R. R. Tolkien have had a huge popular impact. His Middle-earth books have sold hundreds of millions of copies. [1] [2] The Lord of the Rings transformed the genre of fantasy writing. [3] It and The Hobbit have spawned Peter Jackson's Middle-earth films, which have had billion-dollar takings at the box office.
Crist 1's influence on Tolkien's legendarium It has been called "the catalyst for Tolkien's mythology". [5] [6] Tolkien was a professional philologist, a scholar of comparative and historical linguistics. He was especially familiar with Old English and related languages.
J. R. R. Tolkien's bestselling fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings had an initial mixed literary reception. Despite some enthusiastic early reviews from supporters such as W. H. Auden, Iris Murdoch, and C. S. Lewis, scholars noted a measure of literary hostility to Tolkien, which continued until the start of the 21st century.
The popularity of Tolkien's books has had a small but lasting effect on the use of language in fantasy literature in particular, and even on mainstream dictionaries, which now commonly accept Tolkien's idiosyncratic spellings dwarves and dwarvish (alongside dwarfs and dwarfish), which had been little used since the mid-19th century and earlier.
Middle-earth video games at E3 2011. Tolkien's influence extends to role-playing games including Gary Gygax's 1974 Dungeons & Dragons. [67] Gygax was obliged, after a lawsuit, to rename some especially Tolkienesque types of character, such as Hobbits (which became "Halflings"), Nazgul (which became "Wraiths") and the Balrog (which became "Balor").
Celtic influences on Middle-earth:Tolkien's Elves owe something to the Irish Tuatha Dé Danann; [1] their sanctuary of Rivendell recalls Tír na nÓg; [2] the Undying Lands echo Immrama tales; [3] [4] their Sindarin language uses some aspects of Welsh language; [5] [6] and Maedhros and Celebrimbor reflect aspects of Nuada Airgetlám.
The book discusses Tolkien's inspiration in creating the world of Middle-earth and the writing of works including The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion.A recurrent theme is that of Tolkien's detailed linguistic studies (particularly of Old Norse and Old English) and the creation of languages (such as Sindarin and Khuzdul) which feature prominently throughout his works.
Shippey gives as one example Tolkien's statement that he had used such names as Bree, Archet, Combe, and Chetwood for the small area, outside the Shire, where Hobbits and Men lived together. Tolkien selected them for their non-English elements so that they would sound "queer", with "a style that we should perhaps vaguely feel to be 'Celtic'". [6]