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In 1901, researchers Fredricks Hopkins and Sydney W. Cole determined that glyoxylic acid, an impurity in acetic acid, was an essential component in the Adamkiewicz reaction. It was observed that the violet-red characteristic of the reaction occurred only when glyoxylic acid was present in the acetic acid used in the reaction.
To perform this test, a transparent reagent tube (volume 10 ml) is filled with approximately 7–8 ml distilled water, to which 1 drop of acetic acid (8%, plain white vinegar) is added and mixed thoroughly. On the surface of this solution, 1 drop of the effusion fluid is carefully layered.
A second acid dye (blue or green) in dilute acetic acid is applied which, in turn, displaces the polyacid, resulting in collagen stained in a contrasting colour to the initial dye used. If erythrocytes are to be stained, a small molecular weight yellow or orange dye is applied before staining with the red dye.
Acetic acid injection into a tumor has been used to treat cancer since the 1800s. [53] [54] Acetic acid is used as part of cervical cancer screening in many areas in the developing world. [55] The acid is applied to the cervix and if an area of white appears after about a minute the test is positive. [55]
The solution destroys the red blood cells and platelets within a blood sample (acetic acid being the main lyzing agent), and stains the nuclei of the white blood cells, making them easier to see and count. [1] Türk's solution is intended for use in determining total leukocyte count in a defined volume of blood.
In this test, acetic acid is added to the synovial fluid specimen. In a normal specimen, this should lead to a congealing of the hyaluronic acid, forming a 'mucin clot.' If inflammation is present, a mucin clot is not formed (the hyaluronic acid is degraded). [21] Lactate is elevated in septic arthritis, usually above 250 mg/dL.
The results of Ziehl–Neelsen staining is variable because many fungal cell walls are not acid fast. [11] An example of a common type of acid-fast fungus that is usually stained with Ziehl–Neelsen staining is called Histoplasma (HP). [12] Histoplasma is found in soil and the feces of birds and bats. [13]
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...