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Map of Europe showing current monarchies (red) and republics (blue) In the European history, monarchy was the prevalent form of government throughout the Middle Ages, only occasionally competing with communalism, notably in the case of the maritime republics and the Swiss Confederacy.
By contrast, the issue of precedence among Western European monarchies became a contentious matter following the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire which started in the 9th century. The disputes about rank were initially concentrated between the two most immediate heirs of the Empire, namely the Holy Roman Emperor and King of France.
The foreword outlines the goals and approach of a comparative study on the Absolutist State across Europe. It aims to bridge the divide between broad theoretical models and specific historical case studies by analyzing both the general structural features of Absolutism as well as the diverse manifestations found in different European monarchies.
Early signs of the rebirth of civilization in western Europe began to appear in the 11th century as trade started again in Italy, leading to the economic and cultural growth of independent city-states such as Venice and Florence; at the same time, nation-states began to take form in places such as France, England, Spain, and Portugal, although ...
The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended around AD 1500 (by historiographical convention).
Middle Ages – periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern.
The rise of the barbarian kingdoms in the territory previously governed by the Western Roman Empire was a gradual, complex, and largely unintentional process. [11] Their origin can ultimately be traced to the migrations of large numbers of barbarian (i.e. non-Roman) peoples into the territory of the Roman Empire.
Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 12th century. The 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar.In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and overlaps with what is often called the " 'Golden Age' of the Cistercians".