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Integrated marketing communications (IMC) is the use of marketing strategies to optimize the communication of a consistent message of the company's brands to stakeholders. [59] Coupling methods together improves communication as it harnesses the benefits of each channel, which when combined, builds a clearer and vaster impact than if used ...
The market’s recent volatility can give investors an opportunity to reflect on some common psychological ... Warren Buffett’s teacher, Benjamin Graham, once wrote: “The investors chief ...
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actual historical volatility which refers to the volatility of a financial instrument over a specified period but with the last observation on a date in the past near synonymous is realized volatility , the square root of the realized variance , in turn calculated using the sum of squared returns divided by the number of observations.
Volatility risk is the risk of an adverse change of price, due to changes in the volatility of a factor affecting that price. It usually applies to derivative instruments , and their portfolios, where the volatility of the underlying asset is a major influencer of option prices .
An important property of incremental risk is subadditivity. That is, the sum of the incremental risks of the positions in a portfolio equals the total risk of the portfolio. This property has important applications in the allocation of risk to different units, where the goal is to keep the sum of the risks equal to the total risk.
It is the responsibility of marketing managers to ensure that the execution of marketing programs achieves the desired objectives and does so in a cost-efficient manner. Marketing management therefore often makes use of various organizational control systems, such as sales forecasts, and sales force and reseller incentive programs, sales force ...
Column 7: Impact of volatility – This is the PnL due to changes in volatilities. Volatilities are used to value option (finance) (i.e., calls and puts) Column 8: Impact of new trades – PnL from trades done on the current day; Column 9: Impact of cancellation / amendment – PnL from trades cancelled or changed on the current day