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If instead of the actual head tilt (as compared to true vertical), the direction of the head tilt as interpreted by the brain (subjective head tilt) is given importance, then it is seen that the head tilt and ocular torsion are actually in the same direction in both the physiologic ocular counter-roll and the pathologic ocular tilt reaction.
The physiologic basis of the head tilt test was explained by Alfred Bielschowsky and Hofmann [8] in 1935. [9] However, Nagel described it 30 years prior to Bielschowsky when he noted that the combined action of the superior rectus muscle and the superior oblique muscle of one eye and of the inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles in the fellow eye causes incycloduction and excycloduction ...
Stoichiometry. A stoichiometric diagram of the combustion reaction of methane. Stoichiometry (/ ˌstɔɪkiˈɒmɪtri /) is the relationship between the weights of reactants and products before, during, and following chemical reactions. Stoichiometry is founded on the law of conservation of mass where the total mass of the reactants equals the ...
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Visual tilt effects. Due to the effect of a spatial context or temporal context, the perceived orientation of a test line or grating pattern can appear tilted away from its physical orientation. The tilt illusion (TI) [1] is the phenomenon that the perceived orientation of a test line or grating is altered by the presence of surrounding lines ...
Reflex syncope. Reflex syncope is a brief loss of consciousness due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure and/or a decrease in heart rate. [5][6][7][8][9][10][2] Before an affected person passes out, there may be sweating, a decreased ability to see, or ringing in the ears. [1] Occasionally, the person may twitch while unconscious. [1]
The Romberg test is a test of the body's sense of positioning (proprioception), which requires healthy functioning of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. [ 1 ] The Romberg test is used to investigate the cause of loss of motor coordination (ataxia). A positive Romberg test suggests that the ataxia is sensory in nature, that is, depending on ...
Graph showing a typical Auditory Brainstem Response. The auditory brainstem response (ABR), also called brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) or brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) or brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) [1] [2] is an auditory evoked potential extracted from ongoing electrical activity in the brain and recorded via electrodes placed on the scalp.