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l-DOPA, also known as l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and used medically as levodopa, is made and used as part of the normal biology of some plants [2] and animals, including humans. Humans, as well as a portion of the other animals that utilize l -DOPA, make it via biosynthesis from the amino acid l -tyrosine .
Dihydroxyphenylalanine may refer to either of two chemical compounds: D -DOPA (R), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine L -DOPA (S), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, a precursor of a neurotransmitter
Levodopa, also known as L-DOPA and sold under many brand names, is a dopaminergic medication which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and certain other conditions like dopamine-responsive dystonia and restless legs syndrome. [3]
Tyrosine hydroxylase or tyrosine 3-monooxygenase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). [5] [6] It does so using molecular oxygen (O 2), as well as iron (Fe 2+) and tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactors.
d-DOPA (D-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; dextrodopa) is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction.
The motor functions of dopamine are linked to a separate pathway, with cell bodies in the substantia nigra that manufacture and release dopamine into the dorsal striatum. Inside the brain, dopamine plays important roles in executive functions , motor control , motivation , arousal , reinforcement , and reward , as well as lower-level functions ...
3-O-methyldopa is a major metabolite of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and is formed by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). One of the L-DOPA's metabolic pathways is the decarboxylation and the other is the O-methylation. L-DOPA has the main role in the metabolic pathway as a metabolite in the biosynthesis of dopamine.
l-Dopaquinone also known as o-dopaquinone is a metabolite of L-DOPA (L-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and a precursor of melanin. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Biosynthesis of melanin occurs in melanocytes , where tyrosine is converted into DOPA and then dopaquinone, which goes on to be formed into pheomelanin or eumelanin.