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Professionalism is a set of standards that an individual is expected to adhere to in a workplace, usually in order to appear serious, uniform, or respectful. What constitutes professionalism is hotly debated and varies from workplace to workplace and between cultures .
In 1961 Garfield received a grant from the U.S. National Institutes of Health to compile a citation index for Genetics. To do so, Garfield's team gathered 1.4 million citations from 613 journals. [8] From this work, Garfield and the ISI produced the first version of the Science Citation Index, published as a book in 1963. [10]
The ranking is achieved via a composite indicator built on six citation metrics Total citations; Hirsch h-index; Coauthorship-adjusted Schreiber hm-index; The number of citations to papers as a single author; The number of citations to papers as single or first author; The number of citations to papers as single, first, or last author.
Google Scholar; I. Index Copernicus; ... Social Sciences Citation Index; SPIN bibliographic database This page was last edited on 18 July 2021, at 21:16 (UTC). ...
Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. . Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other ...
Citation analysis tools can be used to compute various impact measures for scholars based on data from citation indices. [6] [7] [note 1] These have various applications, from the identification of expert referees to review papers and grant proposals, to providing transparent data in support of academic merit review, tenure, and promotion ...
Official associations and credentialing boards were created by the end of the 19th century, but initially membership was informal. A person was a professional if enough people said they were a professional. [19] Adam Smith expressed support for professionalization, as he believed that professionals made a worthwhile contribution to society ...
Total citations, or average citation count per article, can be reported for an individual author or researcher. Many other measures have been proposed, beyond simple citation counts, to better quantify an individual scholar's citation impact. [15] The best-known author-level measures include total citations and the h-index. [16]