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A polyolefin is a type of polymer with the general formula (CH 2 CHR) n where R is an alkyl group. They are usually derived from a small set of simple olefins ( alkenes ). Dominant in a commercial sense are polyethylene and polypropylene .
The process was discovered by chemists at Shell Development Emeryville in 1968. At the time ecological considerations demanded the replacement of branched fatty alcohols used widely in detergents by linear fatty alcohols because the biodegradation of the branched compounds was slow, causing foaming of surface water. [2]
Straight-chain terminal alkenes, also called linear alpha olefins (LAO) or normal alpha olefins (NAO), are alkenes (olefins) having a chemical formula C n H 2n, distinguished from other alkenes with a similar molecular formula by being terminal alkenes, in which the double bond occurs at the alpha (α-, 1-or primary) position, and by having a linear (unbranched) hydrocarbon chain.
Alkenes react with percarboxylic acids and even hydrogen peroxide to yield epoxides: RCH=CH 2 + RCO 3 H → RCHOCH 2 + RCO 2 H. For ethylene, the epoxidation is conducted on a very large scale industrially using oxygen in the presence of silver-based catalysts: C 2 H 4 + 1/ 2 O 2 → C 2 H 4 O. Alkenes react with ozone, leading to the scission ...
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Competing often with these petroleum-derived products are derivatives of fatty acids, such as fatty alcohols and fatty amines. [2] Low molecular weight alpha-olefins (butenes, hexenes, etc.) are used as comonomers, which are incorporated into polyethylene. Some are subjected to olefin metathesis as a route to propylene.
Organoaluminium compounds are widely used in the production of alkenes, alcohols, and polymers. Some relevant processes include the Ziegler Process for the production of alcohols from ethylene. Several technologies exist for the oligomerization of ethylene to give alpha-olefins. [ 20 ]
Long chain oxo-alcohols are often prepared using alpha-olefins from the Shell higher olefin process, to give secondary alcohols such as isodecyl alcohol. [2] Key oxo alcohols that are sold in commerce include the following: 2-Methyl-2-butanol (2M2B) n-Butanol; 2-Ethylhexanol; 2-Propylheptanol; Isononyl alcohol; Isodecyl alcohol