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The manifesto which Nicholas II issued on 15 February 1899 was cause for Finnish despair. [1] [2] [a] The manifesto was forced through the Finnish senate by the deciding vote of the senate president, an appointee of the tsar—and after the Governor-General of Finland, Nikolay Bobrikov, had threatened a military invasion and siege. [1]
Map showing territory changes at the end of the Finnish War. Modern country boundaries are indicated by dotted red lines. The Treaty of Fredrikshamn (Swedish: Freden i Fredrikshamn; Russian: Фридрихсгамский мирный договор), or the Treaty of Hamina (Finnish: Haminan rauha), was a peace treaty concluded between Sweden and Imperial Russia on 17 September 1809.
The Great Petition (Finnish: Suuri adressi, Swedish: Stora adressen) was a document produced in the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1899, during the first period of the Russification of Finland. It petitioned the Grand Duke of Finland, Tsar Nicholas II to reconsider his February Manifesto issued earlier in the same year. University students went from ...
Constitutionalist insurgency in Finland: Finnish "passive resistance" against Russification as a case of nonmilitary struggle in the European resistance tradition (1990) Jussila, Osmo, et al. From Grand Duchy to a Modern State: A Political History of Finland Since 1809 (Hurst & Co. 1999). Kan, Aleksander.
The February Manifesto, also known as His Imperial Majesty's Graceful Announcement (decree collection 3/1899) was a legislative act given by Emperor of Russia Nicholas II on 15 February 1899, defining the legislation order of laws concerning the Grand Duchy of Finland.
Minsk, Belarus, 2011: old street sign in Belarusian (right) replaced with new one in Russian (left).. Russification (Russian: русификация, romanized: rusifikatsiya), Russianisation or Russianization, is a form of cultural assimilation in which non-Russians adopt Russian culture and Russian language either voluntarily or as a result of a deliberate state policy.
The "great Russification program" was a plan for new laws concerning the Grand Duchy of Finland made during the second period of oppression from 1912 to 1914, which would have set Finland even deeper under the control of the government of the Russian Empire and significantly suppressed its autonomy, had it ever come into force.
The policy of Russification of Finland (1899–1905 and 1908–1917, called sortokaudet / sortovuodet ('times/years of oppression') in Finnish) was the policy of the Russian czars designed to limit the special status of the Grand Duchy of Finland and fully integrate it politically, militarily, and culturally into the empire. [71]