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Cancer biomarkers can also be used to determine the most effective treatment regime for a particular person's cancer. [33] Because of differences in each person's genetic makeup, some people metabolize or change the chemical structure of drugs differently.
A tumor marker is a biomarker that can be used to indicate the presence of cancer or the behavior of cancers (measure progression or response to therapy). They can be found in bodily fluids or tissue.
In recent years, advances in molecular techniques, genomics, cancer biology and sequencing technology have provided opportunities to discover and validate new biomarkers for prognosis, particularly molecular prognostic markers.
Cancer biomarkers have an extremely high upside for therapeutic interventions in cancer patients. Most cancer biomarkers consist of proteins or altered segments of DNA, and are expressed in all cells, just at higher rates in cancer cells. There has not yet been one, universal tumor biomarker, but there is a biomarker for every type of cancer.
One example of a prognostic biomarkers in clinical research, is the use of mutated PIK3CA in the study of metastatic breast cancer. As illustrated by the graph , the mutation is prognostic since its presence in the patient endure the same outcome regardless of the treatment method used.
The Early Detection Research Network (EDRN) is a collaboration led by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) focused on the discovery of cancer biomarkers.The effort, started in 2000, includes both principal investigators and associate members from leading research institutions across the United States.