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Work as play is the concept of a qualitative change in human work activity. An idea does not have a single author, but is present in studies and culture. [1] Work is usually perceived as an external obligation and play as an internal compulsion. [2] Consequently, turning work into play is seen as the solution to the alienation of labor. [3]
Man, Play and Games (ISBN 0029052009) is the influential 1961 book by the French sociologist Roger Caillois (French: Les jeux et les hommes, 1958) on the sociology of play and games or, in Caillois' terms, sociology derived from play. Caillois interprets many social structures as elaborate forms of games and much behaviour as a form of play.
Play is older than culture, for culture, however inadequately defined, always presupposes human society, and animals have not waited for man to teach them their playing. [6] Huizinga begins by making it clear that animals played before humans. One of the most significant (human and cultural) aspects of play is that it is fun. [7]
Although adults who engage in high amounts of play may find themselves described as "childish" or "young at heart" by less playful adults, play is an important activity, regardless of age. Creativity and happiness can result from adult play, where the objective can be more than fun alone, as in adult expression of the arts, or curiosity-driven ...
Dorothy L. Sayers has argued that "work is the natural exercise and function of man – the creature who is made in the image of his Creator." [12] Likewise, John Paul II said in Laborem exercens that by his work, man shares in the image of his creator. Christian theologians see the fall of man as profoundly affecting
Articles related to play, a range of intrinsically motivated activities done for recreational pleasure and enjoyment. Play is commonly associated with children and juvenile-level activities, but play occurs at any life stage, and among other higher-functioning animals as well, most notably mammals and birds.
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A ball is "in" if any part of it touches the inside of a team's court or a sideline or end-line, and a strong spike may compress the ball enough when it lands that a ball which at first appears to be going out may instead be in. Players may travel well outside the court to play a ball that has gone over a sideline or end-line in the air.