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By applying a Laplace transform to the LTI system above, the transfer function becomes = () = = =For general orders and this is a non-rational transfer function. Non-rational transfer functions cannot be written as an expansion in a finite number of terms (e.g., a binomial expansion would have an infinite number of terms) and in this sense fractional orders systems can be said to have the ...
In 2013–2014 Atangana et al. described some groundwater flow problems using the concept of a derivative with fractional order. [51] [52] In these works, the classical Darcy law is generalized by regarding the water flow as a function of a non-integer order derivative of the piezometric head. This generalized law and the law of conservation of ...
In calculus, the quotient rule is a method of finding the derivative of a function that is the ratio of two differentiable functions. Let () = (), where both f and g are differentiable and ()
In mathematics, the Caputo fractional derivative, also called Caputo-type fractional derivative, is a generalization of derivatives for non-integer orders named after Michele Caputo. Caputo first defined this form of fractional derivative in 1967.
To compute an integer order derivative, the weights in the summation would be zero, with the exception of the most recent data points, where (in the case of the first unit derivative) the weight of the data point at t − 1 is −1 and the weight of the data point at t is 1. The sum of the points in the input function using these weights ...
In mathematics, the Grünwald–Letnikov derivative is a basic extension of the derivative in fractional calculus that allows one to take the derivative a non-integer number of times. It was introduced by Anton Karl Grünwald (1838–1920) from Prague , in 1867, and by Aleksey Vasilievich Letnikov (1837–1888) in Moscow in 1868.
In mathematics, the Riemann–Liouville integral associates with a real function: another function I α f of the same kind for each value of the parameter α > 0.The integral is a manner of generalization of the repeated antiderivative of f in the sense that for positive integer values of α, I α f is an iterated antiderivative of f of order α.
Hilbert matrix — example of a matrix which is extremely ill-conditioned (and thus difficult to handle) Wilkinson matrix — example of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix with pairs of nearly, but not exactly, equal eigenvalues; Convergent matrix — square matrix whose successive powers approach the zero matrix; Algorithms for matrix multiplication: