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In ancient Roman religion, Ceres (/ ˈ s ɪər iː z / SEER-eez, [1] [2] Latin:) was a goddess of agriculture, grain crops, fertility and motherly relationships. [3] She was originally the central deity in Rome's so-called plebeian or Aventine Triad, then was paired with her daughter Proserpina in what Romans described as "the Greek rites of Ceres".
The new cult was installed in the already ancient Temple of Ceres, Liber and Libera, Rome's Aventine patrons of the plebs; from the end of the 3rd century BC, Demeter's temple at Enna, in Sicily, was acknowledged as Ceres' oldest, most authoritative cult centre, and Libera was recognized as Proserpina, Roman equivalent to Persephone. [76]
In ancient Roman religion, agricultural deities were thought to care for every aspect of growing, harvesting, and storing crops. Preeminent among these are such major deities as Ceres and Saturn, but a large number of the many Roman deities known by name either supported farming or were devoted solely to a specific agricultural function.
Seated Ceres from Emerita Augusta, present-day Mérida, Spain. In ancient Roman religion, the Cerealia / s ɪər iː ˈ eɪ l i ə / was the major festival celebrated for the grain goddess Ceres. It was held for seven days from mid- to late April. Various agricultural festivals were held in the "last half of April".
The mother-and-daughter fertility goddesses Demeter and Persephone (Ceres and Proserpina) were honoured with crowns of ears of corn. [1] The cult of Dionysus (Bacchus) was associated with wreaths of ivy and vines. [1] Besides sacrificial rituals, festival rites of marriage, birth, and death all involved wreaths. [1]
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There is a gold drachma (HN Italy 479, SNG ANS 145) whose attribution to Capua is not certain. On the obverse it has the head of Ceres with a crown of wheat and on the reverse Victoria driving a swift chariot. [25] Below the exergue line is the letter kappa, the element that would justify the attribution to Capua. [12]