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Vaccinium / v æ k ˈ s ɪ n i ə m / [3] is a common and widespread genus of shrubs or dwarf shrubs in the heath family (Ericaceae). The fruits of many species are eaten by humans and some are of commercial importance, including the cranberry, blueberry, bilberry (whortleberry), lingonberry (cowberry), and huckleberry.
The fruit is a berry 5–16 mm (3 ⁄ 16 – 5 ⁄ 8 in) in diameter with a flared crown at the end; they are pale greenish at first, then reddish-purple, and finally uniformly blue when ripe. [5] They are covered in a protective coating of powdery epicuticular wax , colloquially known as the "bloom". [ 3 ]
Fruit Scientific name Common name Description Distribution Aronia arbutifolia (Photinia pyrifolia) Red chokeberry: grows to 2–4m (6.5–13 ft) tall, rarely up to 6 m (19.6 ft) and 1–2 m (3-6.5 ft) wide. Leaves are 5–8 cm wide and densely pubescent on the underside. The flowers are white or pale pink, 1 cm wide, with glandular sepals.
In botanical language, a berry is a simple fruit having seeds and fleshy pulp (the pericarp) produced from the ovary of a single flower. The ovary can be inferior or superior. It is indehiscent, i.e. it does not have a special "line of weakness" along which it splits to release the seeds when ripe. [2] The pericarp is divided into three layers.
For most berry crops, the ideal soil is well drained sandy loam, with a pH of 6.2–6.8 and a moderate to high organic content; however, blueberries have an ideal pH of 4.2–4.8 and can be grown on muck soils, while blueberries and cranberries prefer poorer soils with lower cation exchange, lower calcium, and lower levels of phosphorus. [26]
Rubus chamaemorus is a species of flowering plant in the rose family.English common names include cloudberry, [2] Nordic berry, bakeapple (in Newfoundland and Labrador), knotberry and knoutberry (in England), aqpik or low-bush salmonberry (in Alaska – not to be confused with salmonberry, Rubus spectabilis), [3] and averin or evron (in Scotland).
Simple fruits are formed from a single ovary and may contain one or many seeds. They can be either fleshy or dry. In fleshy fruit, during development, the pericarp and other accessory structures become the fleshy portion of the fruit. [2] The types of fleshy fruits are berries, pomes, and drupes. [3]
The chokecherry fruit can be eaten when fully ripe, but otherwise contains a toxin. [19] The fruit can be used to make jam or syrup, but the bitter nature of the fruit requires sugar to sweeten the preserves. [20] The Plains Indians pound up the whole fruits—including the pits—in a mortar, from which they made sun-baked cakes. [21]