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The resistance can be set using a bridge circuit. The current required to achieve this balance is therefore a measure of the vacuum. The gauge may be used for pressures between 0.5 Torr to 1×10 −4 Torr. Below 5×10 −4 Torr, a Pirani gauge has only one significant digit of resolution. The thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the gas ...
The widely used Bourdon gauge is a mechanical device, which both measures and indicates and is probably the best known type of gauge. A vacuum gauge is used to measure pressures lower than the ambient atmospheric pressure, which is set as the zero point, in negative values (for instance, −1 bar or −760 mmHg equals total vacuum). Most gauges ...
A McLeod gauge is a scientific instrument used to measure very low pressures, down to 10 −6 Torr (0.133 mPa). It was invented in 1874 by Herbert McLeod (1841–1923). [ 1 ] McLeod gauges were once commonly found attached to equipment that operates under vacuum , such as a lyophilizer .
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Extremely high-pressure chemical reactors (10 kbar) [citation needed] 1.5 GPa Diamond melts using a 3 kJ laser without turning into graphite first [79] 1.5 GPa 220,000 psi tensile strength of Inconel 625 according to Aircraft metal strength tables and the Mil-Hdbk-5 [80] 5.8 GPa 840,000 psi Ultimate tensile strength of the polymer Zylon: 10 10 Pa
Further, the vacuum in the gauge eventually deteriorates due to slow diffusion of gases through the mercury, making the device inaccurate. [8] In 1938, Adolph Zimmerli (1886–1967) [9] invented a gauge that overcame the filling problems, at least for pressures below ambient pressure. [10] Zimmerli's gauge consists of three relatively wide columns.
Vacuum engineering is the field of engineering that deals with the practical use of vacuum in industrial and scientific applications. Vacuum may improve the productivity and performance of processes otherwise carried out at normal air pressure, or may make possible processes that could not be done in the presence of air.
Ultra-high vacuum (often spelled ultrahigh in American English, UHV) is the vacuum regime characterised by pressures lower than about 1 × 10 −6 pascals (1.0 × 10 −8 mbar; 7.5 × 10 −9 Torr). UHV conditions are created by pumping the gas out of a UHV chamber.