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A neutron star is so dense that one teaspoon (5 milliliters) of its material would have a mass over 5.5 × 10 12 kg, about 900 times the mass of the Great Pyramid of Giza. [b] The entire mass of the Earth at neutron star density would fit into a sphere 305 m in diameter, about the size of the Arecibo Telescope.
[4] [5] The form of the equation given here was derived by J. Robert Oppenheimer and George Volkoff in their 1939 paper, "On Massive Neutron Cores". [1] In this paper, the equation of state for a degenerate Fermi gas of neutrons was used to calculate an upper limit of ~0.7 solar masses for the gravitational mass of a neutron star. Since this ...
World crude oil production in 2009 (3,843 Mt) [116] 5.5 × 10 12 kg A teaspoon (5 ml) of neutron star material (5000 million tonnes) [117] 10 13: 1 × 10 13 kg Mass of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko [118] 4 × 10 13 kg Global annual human carbon dioxide emission [119] [120] 10 14: 1.05 × 10 14 kg
For a typical neutron star of 1.4 solar masses (M ☉) and 12 km radius, the nuclear pasta layer in the crust can be about 100 m thick and have a mass of about 0.01 M ☉. In terms of mass, this is a significant portion of the crust of a neutron star. [9] [10]
A neutron star would approximate the most dense system capable of matter-antimatter annihilation. A black hole, although denser than a neutron star, does not have an equivalent anti-particle form, but would offer the same 100% conversion rate of mass to energy in the form of Hawking radiation. Even in the case of relatively small black holes ...
[7] And indeed, the most massive neutron star detected so far, PSR J0952–0607, is estimated to be much heavier than Oppenheimer and Volkoff's TOV limit at 2.35 ± 0.17 M ☉. [8] [9] More realistic models of neutron stars that include baryon strong force repulsion predict a neutron star mass limit of 2.2 to 2.9 M ☉.
As we go deeper into the neutron star the free neutron density increases, and as the Fermi momentum increases with increasing density, the Fermi energy increases, so that energy levels lower than the top level reach neutron drip and more and more neutrons drip out of nuclei so that we get nuclei in a neutron fluid. Eventually all the neutrons ...
Oppenheimer and Snyder did, however, refer to an earlier article by Oppenheimer and Volkoff on neutron stars, improving upon the work of Lev Davidovich Landau. [7] Previously, and in the same year, Oppenheimer and three colleagues, Richard Tolman , Robert Serber , and George Volkoff , had investigated the stability of neutron stars, obtaining ...