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In addition to Hindi-Urdu, there have been attempts to design Indo-Pakistani transliteration systems for digraphic languages like Sindhi (written in extended Perso-Arabic in Sindh of Pakistan and in Devanagari by Sindhis in partitioned India), Punjabi (written in Gurmukhi in East Punjab and Shahmukhi in West Punjab), Saraiki (written in ...
Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi (written in Devanagari script and influenced by Sanskrit) and Urdu (written in Perso-Arabic script and influenced by Persian and Arabic) which serve as official languages of India and Pakistan, respectively.
Standard Hindi (also High Hindi, Manak Hindi) is the language of the government and is one of the official languages of India, Standard Urdu is the state language and national language of Pakistan, Dakhini is the historical literary dialect of the Deccan region, and Rekhta the "mixed" Hindustani of medieval poetry. [12]
Hindi has drawn increasing focus as an academic subject. [8] There is a growing trend of Hindi experts and the availability of texts in Pakistan. [8] Many Hindi instructors migrated from India, or were educated at Indian universities. [5] The Department of Hindi at the National University of Modern Languages (NUML) in Islamabad was established ...
Another textbook – A Text Book of Pakistan Studies goes on to claim that Pakistan "came to be established for the first time when the Arabs, under Muhammad bin Qasim, occupied Sindh and Multan & thereafter equates to the Indian Subcontinent with Pakistan, their greatest ruler being subsequently deemed as Aurangzeb. [18]
Hindustani, the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised registers: Hindi and Urdu.Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script: Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, typically in the Nastaʿlīq style.
Punjabi, [g] sometimes spelled Panjabi, [h] is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world with approximately 150 million native speakers.
Punjabi may also be considered as a pluricentric language with more than one standard variety. [3] Map of dialects of Punjabi dialects and languages. Punjabi is a language spoken primarily in the Punjab region, which is divided between India and Pakistan. It is also spoken by Punjabi diaspora communities around the world.