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2. Laws of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics

   When matter is transferred into a system, the internal energy and potential energy associated with it are transferred into the new combined system. ( u Δ M ) i n = Δ U s y s t e m {\displaystyle \left(u\,\Delta M\right)_{\rm {in}}=\Delta U_{\rm {system}}} where u denotes the internal energy per unit mass of the transferred matter, as measured ...

3. Second law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics

   For a similar process at constant temperature and volume, the change in Helmholtz free energy must be negative, <. Thus, a negative value of the change in free energy (G or A) is a necessary condition for a process to be spontaneous. This is the most useful form of the second law of thermodynamics in chemistry, where free-energy changes can be ...

4. Phase transition - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition

   The second-order phase transition was for a while controversial, as it seems to require two sheets of the Gibbs free energy to osculate exactly, which is so unlikely as to never occur in practice. Cornelis Gorter replied the criticism by pointing out that the Gibbs free energy surface might have two sheets on one side, but only one sheet on the ...

5. Renormalization group - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization_group

   In this point, changing the scale does not change the physics, because the system is in a fractal state. It corresponds to the Curie phase transition , and is also called a critical point . So, if we are given a certain material with given values of T and J , all we have to do in order to find out the large-scale behaviour of the system is to ...

6. Physical change - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_change

   A physical change involves a change in physical properties. Examples of physical properties include melting, transition to a gas, change of strength, change of durability, changes to crystal form, textural change, shape, size, color, volume and density. An example of a physical change is the process of tempering steel to

7. Changes in matter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changes_in_matter

   Changes in matter may refer to: Chemical changes in matter; Physical changes in matter This page was last edited on 28 ...