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Arterial baroreceptors are located in the carotid sinus (at the bifurcation of common carotid artery into external and internal carotids) and in the aortic arch. [5] The baroreceptors can identify the changes in both the average blood pressure or the rate of change in pressure with each arterial pulse.
The carotid sinus contains numerous baroreceptors which function as a "sampling area" for many homeostatic mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure.The carotid sinus baroreceptors are innervated by the carotid sinus nerve, which is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
When blood pressure rises, the carotid and aortic sinuses are distended further, resulting in increased stretch and, therefore, a greater degree of activation of the baroreceptors. At normal resting blood pressures, many baroreceptors are actively reporting blood pressure information and the baroreflex is actively modulating autonomic activity.
Baroreflex activation therapy is an approach to treating high blood pressure and the symptoms of heart failure. It uses an implanted device to electrically stimulate baroreceptors in the carotid sinus region. This elicits a reflex response through the sympathetic and vagal nervous systems that reduces blood pressure.
High pressure receptors or high pressure baroreceptors are the baroreceptors found within the aortic arch and carotid sinus. They are only sensitive to blood pressures above 60 mmHg . When these receptors are activated they elicit a depressor response; which decreases the heart rate and causes a general vasodilation .
An increase in blood pressure can be caused by increased cardiac output, increased total peripheral resistance, or both. The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus sense this increase in blood pressure and relay the information to the cardiovascular centres in the medulla oblongata .
The carotid body is situated on the posterior aspect of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. [3] The carotid body is made up of two types of cells, called glomus cells: glomus type I cells are peripheral chemoreceptors, and glomus type II cells are sustentacular supportive cells. Glomus type I cells are derived from the neural crest. [4]
change of blood pH, detected by central chemoreceptors. [4] change of blood pH, detected by peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic bodies and in the carotid bodies. [4] change of blood pressure, detected by arterial baroreceptors in the aortic arch and the carotid sinuses. [2] various other inputs from the hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebral ...