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Pilum. The pilum (Latin: [ˈpiːɫʊ̃]; pl.: pila) was a javelin commonly used by the Roman army in ancient times. It was generally about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long overall, consisting of an iron shank about 7 mm (0.28 in) in diameter and 600 mm (24 in) long with a pyramidal head, attached to a wooden shaft by either a socket or a flat tang.
Answers to NYT's The Mini Crossword for Tuesday, January 14, 2025 Don't go any further unless you want to know exactly what the correct words are in today's Mini Crossword. NYT Mini Across Answers
Get ready for all of the NYT 'Connections’ hints and answers for #82 on Friday, September 1, 2023. The New York Times The New York Times game resets every day at midnight, and some puzzles are ...
In order to complete some of the more complex metallurgical techniques, there is a bare minimum of necessary components for Roman metallurgy: metallic ore, furnace of unspecified type with a form of oxygen source (assumed by Tylecote to be bellows) and a method of restricting said oxygen (a lid or cover), a source of fuel (charcoal from wood or ...
Ancient Roman miners used double-sided hammers, broad sided pickaxes, [11] and picks that were usually made of iron. [12] [13] [14] Child laborers in ancient mines possibly carried baskets that were used to transport materials. [13] Another tool used by miners was the dolabra fossoria, which was capable of being used as a pickaxe or as a mattock.
Wood hammers wear down especially fast. The antler hammers last a little longer, but in the end they break due to fatigue. Observation with the naked eye reveals that the flint (or whatever the carved rock) leaves small splinters and stone chips embedded in the hammer. Soft hammers: boxwood, holly, oak and deer antler.
Early European bloomeries were relatively small, primarily due to the mechanical limits of human-powered bellows and the amount of force possible to apply with hand-driven sledge hammers. Those known archaeologically from the pre-Roman Iron Age tend to be in the 2 kg range, produced in low shaft furnaces.
The groma (as standardized in the imperial Latin, sometimes croma, or gruma in the literature of the republican times) [1] was a surveying instrument used in the Roman Empire. [2] The groma allowed projecting right angles and straight lines and thus enabling the centuriation (setting up of a rectangular grid).