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The catalyst mainly used in the industry today is a copper-zinc-alumina (Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3) based catalyst. Also the LTS catalyst has to be activated by reduction before it can be used. The reduction reaction CuO + H 2 →Cu + H 2 O is highly exothermic and should be conducted in dry gas for an optimal result.
An illustrative example is the effect of catalysts to speed the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen: . 2 H 2 O 2 → 2 H 2 O + O 2. This reaction proceeds because the reaction products are more stable than the starting compound, but this decomposition is so slow that hydrogen peroxide solutions are commercially available.
The surface area of a solid catalyst has a strong influence on the number of available active sites. In industrial practice, solid catalysts are often porous to maximize surface area, commonly achieving 50–400 m 2 /g. [2] Some mesoporous silicates, such as the MCM-41, have surface areas greater than 1000 m 2 /g. [10]
Ziegler–Natta catalysts of the third class, non-metallocene catalysts, use a variety of complexes of various metals, ranging from scandium to lanthanoid and actinoid metals, and a large variety of ligands containing oxygen (O 2), nitrogen (N 2), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S). The complexes are activated using MAO, as is done for metallocene ...
Enzymes are homogeneous catalysts that are essential for life but are also harnessed for industrial processes. A well-studied example is carbonic anhydrase, which catalyzes the release of CO 2 into the lungs from the bloodstream. Enzymes possess properties of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. As such, they are usually regarded as a ...
After three years, the anodes simply need a new coat of catalysts made from affordable, earth-abundant elements to make them as good as new, lasting for decades. “This breakthrough is the crux of Equatic’s ability to scale to gigaton volumes and has global implications,” emphasized Edward Sanders, chief operating officer at Equatic.
Typical catalysts are platinum, and redox-active oxides of iron, vanadium, and molybdenum. In many cases, catalysts are modified with a host of additives or promoters that enhance rates or selectivities. Important homogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of organic compounds are carboxylates of cobalt, iron, and manganese
The Monsanto process is an industrial method for the manufacture of acetic acid by catalytic carbonylation of methanol. [1] The Monsanto process has largely been supplanted by the Cativa process, a similar iridium-based process developed by BP Chemicals Ltd, which is more economical and environmentally friendly.