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Other strains of streptococci can cause subacute endocarditis as well. These include streptococcus intermedius, which can cause acute or subacute infection (about 15% of cases pertaining to infective endocarditis). [7] Enterococci from urinary tract infections and coagulase negative staphylococci can also be causative agents. [5]
Infective endocarditis is divided into the three categories of acute, subacute, and chronic based on the duration of symptoms. [11] Acute infective endocarditis refers to the presence of signs and symptoms of infective endocarditis that are present for days up to six weeks. [11]
Endocarditis is characterized by lesions, known as vegetations, which are masses of platelets, fibrin, microcolonies of microorganisms, and scant inflammatory cells. [1] In the subacute form of infective endocarditis, a vegetation may also include a center of granulomatous tissue, which may fibrose or calcify. [2]
The nodes are commonly indicative of subacute bacterial endocarditis. [4] 10–25% of endocarditis patients will have Osler's nodes. [5] Other signs of endocarditis include Roth's spots and Janeway lesions. The latter, which also occur on the palms and soles, can be differentiated from Osler's nodes because they are non-tender. [3]
Myocarditis and pericarditis can be a side effect of some vaccines like the smallpox vaccine. [30] Myocarditis can be a side-effect of the Covid-19 mRNA vaccines. The FDA and European Medicines Agency estimates the risk of myocarditis after the Covid-19 vaccine as 1 case per 100,000 of those who are vaccinated.
Splinter hemorrhages (or haemorrhages) are tiny blood clots that tend to run vertically under the nails.Splinter hemorrhages are not specific to any particular condition, and can be associated with subacute infective endocarditis, scleroderma, trichinosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic nails, [1] antiphospholipid syndrome, [2]: 659 haematological ...
Roth's spots, also known as Litten spots or the Litten sign, [1] are non-specific red lesions with white or pale centres, seen on the retina of the eye and although traditionally associated with infective endocarditis, can occur in a number of other conditions including hypertension, diabetes, collagen vascular disease, extreme hypoxia, leukemia and HIV.
Symptoms typically include sudden onset of sharp chest pain, which may also be felt in the shoulders, neck, or back. [1] The pain is typically less severe when sitting up and more severe when lying down or breathing deeply. [1] Other symptoms of pericarditis can include fever, weakness, palpitations, and shortness of breath. [1]