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Aggression can have adaptive benefits or negative effects. Aggressive behavior is an individual or collective social interaction that is a hostile behavior with the intention of inflicting damage or harm. [3] [4] Two broad categories of aggression are commonly distinguished.
Typically, covert aggression is verbal, indirect, and passive in nature, while overt aggression reflects the physical, direct, and active side of the dichotomies. [20] Workplace aggression often takes the form of covert behaviors. This can be attributed to what Bjorkqvist, Osterman, and Lagerspetz call the effect/danger ratio. [21]
Passive-aggressive behavior is characterized by a pattern of passive hostility and an avoidance of direct communication. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Inaction where some action is socially customary is a typical passive-aggressive strategy (showing up late for functions, staying silent when a response is expected). [ 2 ]
Relational aggression, alternative aggression, or relational bullying is a type of aggression in which harm is caused by damaging someone's relationships or social status. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although it can be used in many contexts and among different age groups , relational aggression among adolescents in particular, has received a lot of attention.
Relational aggression, also known as covert aggression [75] or covert bullying [76] is a type of aggression in which harm is caused through damage to relationships or social status within a group rather than physical violence. [76] [77] Relational aggression is more common and has been studied more among girls than boys. [77]
How to know when you are being secretly manipulated.
This can be carried out in various ways, which includes, but is not limited to, intentional aggression, as well as covert and overt hostility. [2] Anti-social behaviour also develops through social interaction within the family and community.
“Though, in about 1970, she was wheeled out to piss off an aunt’s horrible husband by cheating so continuously and spectacularly that he lost his rag and made his covert aggression obvious to all.