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The English word frankincense derives from the Old French expression franc encens, meaning 'true incense', maybe with the sense of 'high quality incense'. [4] [2] The adjective franc in Old French meant 'noble, true', in this case perhaps 'pure'; although franc is ultimately derived from the tribal name of the Franks, it is not a direct reference to them in the word francincense.
Myrrh resin has been used throughout history as a perfume, incense and medicine. Myrrh mixed with posca or wine was common across ancient cultures, for general pleasure, and as an analgesic . ^ Rice, Patty C., Amber: Golden Gem of the Ages , Author House, Bloomington, 2006 p.321
Sandarac resin was preferred by some photographers for this purpose. [6] Although it is not very strongly aromatic, sandarac resin was and is also used as an incense. The aroma has been compared to balsam. Besides the resin and the varnish, the word sandarac may refer to the tree that produces the resin.
Copal from Madagascar with spiders, termites, ants, elateridae, hymenoptera, cockroach and a flower A sample of copal containing a few termites. Copal is a tree resin, particularly the aromatic resins from the copal tree Protium copal (Burseraceae) used by the cultures of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica as ceremonially burned incense and for other purposes. [1]
The Temple of Deir-el-Bahari in Egypt contains a series of carvings that depict an expedition for incense. [7] The Babylonians used incense while offering prayers to divine [8] oracles. [9] Incense spread from there to Greece and Rome. [10] Incense burners have been found in the Indus Civilization. [11]
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It is also used in the production of Bakhoor (Arabic بخور - scented wood chips) as well as various mixed resin incense in the Arab countries and the Horn of Africa. Benzoin is also used in blended types of Japanese incense , Indian incense , Chinese incense (known as Anxi xiang; 安息香), and Papier d'Arménie as well as incense sticks.
The incense is characterized by a fresh lemon-pine scent [3] and is therefore highly esteemed. In Ethiopia where it is called itan zaf , [ 4 ] it comes in semi-translucent yellow tears. The gum resin of Boswellia papyrifera coming from Ethiopia, Sudan and eastern Africa is believed to be the main source of frankincense of antiquity.