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The Pancho Villa Expedition—now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition, [6] but originally referred to as the "Punitive Expedition, US Army" [1] —was a military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco "Pancho" Villa from March 14, 1916, to February 7, 1917, during the Mexican Revolution of ...
Obregón's government was faced with the need for stabilizing Mexico after a decade of civil war. With the revolutionary armies having defeated the old federal army, Obregón now dealt with military leaders who were used to wielding power violently. Enticing them to leave the political arena in exchange for material rewards was one tactic.
Name given to various revolutionary armies fighting under the umbrella leadership of Francisco I. Madero in 1910–11, during the first part of the war. Maderistas in the postrevolutionary phase of Mexican history sought to keep alive the memory of Madero, who was martyred during the February 1913 Ten Tragic Days.
In February 1913, President Francisco Madero of Mexico was assassinated after resigning power to a military coup d’état led by general Victoriano Huerta. [3] Huerta quickly moved to secure his power, assassinating the governor of Chihuahua, Abraham González, and imprisoning or exiling many other governors who suspected were loyal to the former revolutionary government. [3]
Giuseppe Garibaldi II, in Mexico in 1911, fought at the battle on the side of the revolutionaries. The rebels took control of the bridges connecting the city to the US, cut off electricity and telegraph, captured the bullring and reached the outskirts of the city center (where the second line of defenses had been constructed) on the first day ...
The Mexican Centaur: An Intimate Biography of Pancho Villa. Tuscaloosa, AL: Portals Press, 1979. Braddy, Haldeen. The Cock of the Walk: Qui-qui-ri-qui! The Legend of Pancho Villa. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1955. Caballero, Raymond (2017). Orozco: Life and Death of a Mexican Revolutionary. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Following the Battle of Columbus and Gen. John J. Pershing's Mexican Expedition in 1916 and 1917, Pancho Villa's army was scattered across northern Mexico, but by 1918 he had assembled several hundred men and began attacking the Carrancistas again. The Villistas were mostly unsuccessful in their final campaign.
Revolution on the Border: The United States and Mexico, 1910-1920 (U of New Mexico Press, 1988). Hart, John Mason. Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico Since the Civil War. Berkeley: University of California Press 2002. Katz, Friedrich. The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution. Chicago ...