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According to the European Commission, a common external power supply / "charger" standard is desirable because, Incompatibility of chargers for mobile phones is a major environmental problem and an inconvenience for users across the EU. Currently specific chargers are sold together with specific mobile phones.
Mobile phone charger plugs. From left to right: Samsung proprietary charging plug, Micro-B plug, Nokia charger plug used on the E71, Nokia Pop-Port. Universal charger or common charger refers to various projects to standardize the connectors of power supplies, particularly for battery-powered devices.
CCS1 (Combined Charging System Combo 1) plug as used in North America. It is an extension of the J1772 standard AC charging connector. CCS Combo 1 vehicle inlet showing the J1772 and the two DC fast-charging pins Connectors: Incomplete Combo 2 (left) showing the two large direct current (DC) pins below, while the four alternating current (AC) pins for neutral and three-phase are removed, while ...
In the interest of improved interoperability of phone battery chargers, major manufacturers have agreed to standardize on the micro-USB connector for new phone chargers from 2010. [16] Many manufacturers make special-purpose DC power connectors for battery packs, instruments, medical equipment, communications equipment and other devices.
Each of these plugs is used with a specified voltage range. Most manufacturers use colored insulating materials to distinguish these plugs from other similar-looking DC plugs, and for quick identification between EIAJ plugs of similar size. EIAJ-01: For 0–3.15 V. 2.5 mm OD, 0.7 mm ID. EIAJ-02: For 3.15–6.3 V. 4.0 mm OD, 1.7 mm ID.
The battery management system on the electric vehicle negotiates the maximum current with the electric vehicle supply equipment via dedicated pins in the Type 3C connector. The Type 3 (3A/3C) connectors are generally oval in shape, with circular top and bottom edges and flat right and left edges; the maximum power carried is 24 kW.
In Europe, 12 volt plugs and sockets are not specially regulated and do not require approvals for the CE mark. [citation needed] The male plug is sometimes used to feed power into a vehicle to recharge its battery because it usually has no regulatory circuitry between the outlet and the car battery. For instance, portable solar battery ...
Most manufacturers claim that overcharging is safe at very low currents, below 0.1 C (C/10) (where C is the current equivalent to the capacity of the battery divided by one hour). [23] The Panasonic NiMH charging manual warns that overcharging for long enough can damage a battery and suggests limiting the total charging time to 10–20 hours. [22]